Crickets and Mealworms Farming: Exploring Their Economic, Ecological, and Social Relevance in the Digital Age

Introduction

In the face of burgeoning global populations, climate change, and the pressing need for sustainable food systems, the spotlight has turned towards unconventional sources of nutrition—one of the most promising being insects. Among them, crickets and mealworms have emerged as frontrunners due to their high nutritional content, low environmental impact, and potential for economic viability. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the multifaceted benefits of farming these insects, examining their economic, ecological, and social relevance, particularly in the context of the digital age which is rapidly transforming traditional agricultural practices.

Part 1: The Economic Relevance of Cricket and Mealworm Farming

1.1 Cost-Effective Production

One of the most compelling reasons behind the rise of cricket and mealworm farming is their low cost of production. Compared to conventional livestock such as cattle, pigs, and poultry, insects require significantly fewer resources to grow and thrive.

Feed Conversion Efficiency: Crickets and mealworms are exceptionally efficient at converting feed into edible body mass. Crickets, for instance, need about 1.7 kilograms of feed to produce 1 kilogram of body weight, and mealworms require approximately 2.2 kilograms of feed for the same gain. In stark contrast, beef cattle require around 8 kilograms of feed to produce a single kilogram of body weight. This superior feed conversion efficiency translates to lower feed costs for insect farmers.
Space and Infrastructure Requirements: The compact size of crickets and mealworms allows them to be farmed in densely packed environments, significantly reducing the need for large land areas. They can be raised in controlled environments such as containers or vertical farming systems, making them ideal for urban farming and small-scale production setups. This flexibility is particularly advantageous in regions with limited arable land or in urban settings where space is at a premium.
Labor and Capital: The initial setup costs for insect farming are generally lower compared to traditional livestock farming. The capital investment for infrastructure, such as breeding containers and climate control systems, is relatively modest. Moreover, the operational costs, including labor, are lower as these systems can often be automated and require minimal maintenance.

1.2 Market Opportunities

As the world becomes more aware of the need for sustainable and alternative protein sources, the market for edible insects is expanding rapidly. This burgeoning market presents numerous opportunities for entrepreneurs and established businesses alike.

Food and Feed Markets: Crickets and mealworms are increasingly being incorporated into food products aimed at health-conscious consumers. They are found in protein bars, shakes, pasta, and even gourmet dishes. In the animal feed sector, they are used in formulations for aquaculture, poultry, and pet foods, providing a high-protein, sustainable alternative to traditional feed ingredients.
Product Innovation: Companies are continuously developing innovative insect-based products. For example, cricket flour is becoming a popular ingredient due to its high protein content and versatility in baking and cooking. Similarly, mealworms are being processed into oils, powders, and whole-food snacks, catering to a diverse range of dietary preferences and culinary applications.
Global Market Expansion: The edible insect market is projected to grow significantly, with estimates suggesting it could reach $8 billion by 2030. This growth is driven by increasing consumer acceptance, regulatory support, and the development of robust supply chains. As more people become aware of the environmental and health benefits of insect-based foods, demand is expected to soar globally.

1.3 Job Creation and Economic Development

Insect farming is not only a pathway to sustainable food production but also a catalyst for economic development, especially in rural and developing regions.

Small-Scale and Rural Enterprises: In many parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, small-scale farmers are adopting insect farming as a means to diversify their income. These farmers often utilize locally available resources and traditional knowledge to cultivate insects, providing a reliable source of income and contributing to rural development and food security.
Urban Farming Opportunities: In urban areas, the compact and scalable nature of insect farming makes it an attractive option for integrating into urban agriculture systems. Rooftop gardens, community farms, and indoor farming setups can easily accommodate cricket and mealworm farming, creating new employment opportunities and contributing to local food production.
Economic Resilience: By fostering a diverse and resilient agricultural economy, insect farming can help communities withstand economic shocks. The low-cost and adaptable nature of insect farming make it particularly valuable in times of crisis, such as during natural disasters or economic downturns, where traditional food supply chains may be disrupted.

Part 2: The Ecological Relevance of Cricket and Mealworm Farming

2.1 Low Environmental Impact

Crickets and mealworms have a significantly lower environmental footprint compared to traditional livestock, making them a sustainable option for future food production.

Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Insect farming emits far fewer greenhouse gases than traditional livestock farming. For instance, crickets produce approximately 100 times less methane than cattle per kilogram of body weight. This reduction in emissions is crucial in the fight against climate change, as agriculture is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions.
Efficient Water Use: The water footprint of insect farming is minimal. Crickets need about 1 liter of water to produce 1 kilogram of protein, whereas beef production requires around 22,000 liters of water for the same amount of protein. This significant difference highlights the potential of insect farming to conserve precious water resources, especially in arid regions or areas facing water scarcity.
Conservation of Land Resources: Insect farming requires less land than traditional livestock farming. For example, crickets can be farmed vertically in stacked trays, utilizing space efficiently and reducing the need for extensive land areas. This efficient use of space is particularly beneficial as it helps preserve natural habitats, reduces deforestation, and minimizes the environmental impact of food production.

2.2 Waste Reduction and Recycling

Insects are adept at converting organic waste into high-quality protein and nutrients, playing a crucial role in waste management and recycling.

Organic Waste Conversion: Crickets and mealworms can be fed on a variety of organic waste streams, including food scraps, agricultural by-products, and brewery waste. This ability to utilize low-value or waste materials as feedstock reduces the burden on landfills and transforms waste into valuable food and feed products.
Nutrient-Rich Frass: The frass produced by crickets and mealworms is rich in nutrients and can be used as an organic fertilizer. This by-product is a valuable resource for enhancing soil fertility and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. By closing the nutrient loop, insect farming contributes to circular economy models and promotes resource efficiency.
Integration with Other Farming Systems: Insect farming can be integrated with other agricultural systems to create synergistic relationships. For example, the waste from vegetable farming can be used to feed insects, whose frass can then be used to fertilize crops. This integrated approach enhances the sustainability and productivity of farming systems.

2.3 Biodiversity Conservation

Cricket and mealworm farming supports biodiversity conservation by reducing the need to harvest wild insect populations and promoting sustainable farming practices.

Conservation of Wild Populations: Commercial farming of crickets and mealworms helps alleviate the pressure on wild insect populations that are often overharvested for food or feed. By providing a reliable and scalable source of insects, commercial farming helps protect wild species and their ecosystems.
Sustainable Harvesting Practices: In regions where insects are traditionally harvested from the wild, the development of sustainable farming practices can help ensure that these practices do not lead to overexploitation. By adopting and promoting sustainable farming methods, communities can continue to benefit from insects as a food source without compromising the health of natural ecosystems.
Support for Agroecological Systems: Insect farming can be integrated into agroecological systems that promote biodiversity and environmental sustainability. For example, insects can be farmed in mixed-crop systems where they contribute to pest control and soil health, supporting the overall resilience and productivity of the farming ecosystem.

Part 3: The Social Relevance of Cricket and Mealworm Farming

3.1 Nutritional Benefits and Food Security

Crickets and mealworms are not only sustainable but also highly nutritious, offering a range of health benefits that can play a crucial role in enhancing food security.

High-Quality Protein Source: Both crickets and mealworms are rich in protein, containing about 50-70% protein by dry weight. This high protein content makes them a valuable food source, especially in regions where protein deficiency is prevalent. The protein in insects is also of high quality, providing all the essential amino acids required by the human body.
Rich in Micronutrients: In addition to protein, crickets and mealworms are packed with essential vitamins and minerals, including iron, zinc, magnesium, and B vitamins. These micronutrients are crucial for maintaining health and preventing nutrient deficiencies, which are common in many parts of the world.
Enhancing Food Security: In areas where food security is a concern, insect farming can provide a reliable and locally available source of nutrition. This reduces dependence on imported foods and enhances the resilience of local food systems. By diversifying dietary options and improving nutrition, insect farming contributes to overall food security and health outcomes.

3.2 Cultural Acceptance and Culinary Innovations

The acceptance and integration of insects into diets vary widely across cultures, but growing awareness and innovative culinary approaches are helping to change perceptions.

Cultural Traditions: In many cultures, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, insects have been consumed for centuries as a traditional food source. Embracing these cultural practices and promoting them can help normalize insect consumption and foster greater acceptance globally.
Modern Culinary Innovations: Chefs and food innovators are experimenting with insects in creative and appealing ways, making them more palatable to Western consumers who may be unfamiliar or hesitant. From gourmet dishes in upscale restaurants to everyday snacks, the culinary world is finding new and exciting ways to incorporate crickets and mealworms into diverse cuisines.
Education and Awareness: Increasing public awareness about the benefits of eating insects is crucial for their acceptance. Educational campaigns, cooking classes, and tasting events can help demystify insect consumption and highlight their nutritional and environmental benefits. As more people become aware of these advantages, social acceptance is likely to grow.

3.3 Empowerment and Livelihoods

Insect farming can empower communities and individuals, providing new opportunities for economic and social development.

Empowering Women and Youth: In many regions, women and youth are often marginalized in traditional agricultural systems. Insect farming, with its low entry barriers and flexible production methods, offers opportunities for these groups to engage in income-generating activities. This can enhance their economic independence and contribute to social empowerment.
Community Development: In rural and underdeveloped areas, insect farming can stimulate community development by providing jobs and supporting local economies. Community-based farming initiatives can foster social cohesion and create a sense of shared purpose and identity.
Educational Opportunities: Insect farming offers numerous opportunities for education and skills development. Schools and community organizations can integrate insect farming into their programs, teaching valuable lessons about sustainability, biology, and entrepreneurship. These educational initiatives can inspire the next generation of farmers and innovators.

Part 4: Digital Technology in Cricket and Mealworm Farming

4.1 Precision Farming and Automation

The integration of digital technology into insect farming is revolutionizing the industry, making it more efficient, scalable, and accessible.

IoT and Smart Sensors: The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and smart sensors allows farmers to monitor and control the environmental conditions in insect farms with precision. Temperature, humidity, and light levels can be optimized for the health and growth of crickets and mealworms, ensuring consistent and high-quality production.
Automated Systems: Automation technologies are streamlining various aspects of insect farming, from feeding and watering to harvesting and packaging. Automated systems reduce labor costs, minimize human error, and enhance the scalability of insect farming operations. These technologies are particularly beneficial for large-scale producers seeking to increase efficiency and reduce operational costs.
Data Analytics: Advanced data analytics can provide insights into the performance and productivity of insect farming operations. By analyzing data on growth rates, feed conversion, and environmental conditions, farmers can make informed decisions to optimize their production processes. Predictive analytics can also help anticipate potential issues and improve overall farm management.

4.2 Blockchain and Supply Chain Transparency

Blockchain technology is enhancing transparency and trust in the insect farming supply chain, ensuring that products are traceable and produced sustainably.

Traceability and Certification: Blockchain enables the traceability of insects from farm to fork, providing consumers with detailed information about the origin and production methods of the products they purchase. This transparency helps build consumer confidence and supports certification schemes that verify sustainable and ethical production practices.
Supply Chain Efficiency: By digitizing and streamlining supply chain processes, blockchain can reduce the costs and complexities associated with logistics and distribution. This efficiency is particularly important for scaling up insect farming operations and reaching global markets.
Combatting Fraud and Mislabeling: Blockchain can help prevent fraud and mislabeling in the insect farming industry by providing an immutable record of transactions and production data. This ensures that products labeled as sustainably or ethically produced meet the required standards and are not subject to fraudulent claims.

4.3 E-Commerce and Market Access in Cricket and Mealworm Farming

Digital Technology in Farming Operations

Digital technology has revolutionized farming practices across various sectors, including insect farming. In cricket and mealworm farming, digital tools and innovations are enhancing efficiency, productivity, and sustainability.

· Data-Driven Farm Management: Insect farms are increasingly adopting IoT (Internet of Things) devices and sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and ventilation. These sensors provide real-time data that farmers can use to optimize growing conditions and ensure optimal health and growth of crickets and mealworms. Automated systems can adjust parameters automatically based on data insights, reducing manual labor and improving overall farm management.

· Precision Feeding and Automation: Digital platforms enable precise control over feeding regimes and nutrient delivery to insects. Automated feeding systems can dispense feed according to specific schedules or conditions, ensuring that crickets and mealworms receive optimal nutrition for growth and development. This precision reduces feed wastage and maximizes feed conversion efficiency, lowering production costs and environmental impact.

· Remote Monitoring and Control: Mobile apps and cloud-based platforms allow farmers to monitor and manage their insect farms remotely. This capability is particularly beneficial for large-scale operations or farms located in remote areas. Farmers can receive alerts, track performance metrics, and make data-driven decisions to enhance operational efficiency and profitability.

E-Commerce and Market Access Transformation

E-commerce platforms and digital marketplaces have revolutionized the way insect farmers connect with buyers, distributors, and consumers. These platforms offer several advantages that are transforming market access and distribution channels in the cricket and mealworm farming industry.

· Direct-to-Consumer Sales: Insect farmers can bypass traditional distribution channels by selling directly to consumers through e-commerce platforms. This direct-to-consumer approach allows farmers to capture a larger share of the retail price and build direct relationships with their customers. Online stores and marketplaces provide a convenient shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing cricket flour, mealworm protein bars, or other insect-based products.

· Global Market Reach: E-commerce platforms enable insect farmers to access global markets and reach a diverse customer base beyond their local regions. Digital marketing strategies, such as social media campaigns and influencer partnerships, can help raise awareness and drive demand for insect-based products internationally. This global reach enhances market opportunities and reduces dependence on local market fluctuations or seasonal demands.

· Marketplace Integration: Online marketplaces dedicated to insect-based products facilitate trade and collaboration between farmers, processors, and manufacturers. These platforms provide a centralized hub where stakeholders can showcase their products, negotiate contracts, and streamline transactions. Integration with logistics providers and payment gateways ensures smooth order fulfillment and secure financial transactions, enhancing overall market efficiency.

Broader Impacts on Society

The adoption of digital technology and e-commerce in cricket and mealworm farming extends beyond operational benefits to impact broader societal aspects, including nutrition, sustainability, and economic empowerment.

· Nutritional Security: Insect-based products are rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock and plant-based proteins. Digital platforms that promote insect consumption and educate consumers about nutritional benefits contribute to improving global nutrition security, especially in regions where protein deficiency is prevalent.

· Environmental Sustainability: Efficient farming practices enabled by digital technology help minimize resource consumption and environmental impact. Reduced land, water, and feed requirements per unit of protein produced make cricket and mealworm farming a more sustainable option compared to conventional livestock farming. E-commerce facilitates the distribution of sustainable products, promoting environmentally friendly consumption habits among consumers.

· Rural Development and Employment: E-commerce and digital market access create economic opportunities for rural communities engaged in insect farming. Small-scale farmers and entrepreneurs can access wider markets and earn stable incomes by selling insect-based products online. This economic diversification supports rural development and reduces reliance on traditional agricultural practices that may be vulnerable to climate change or market volatility.

Future Outlook for Cricket and Mealworm Farming

Looking ahead, the integration of digital technology, e-commerce, and sustainable practices is poised to drive further growth and innovation in the cricket and mealworm farming industry.

· Technological Advancements: Continued advancements in IoT, artificial intelligence (AI), and data analytics will enhance precision farming techniques and automation in insect farming. Smart sensors, robotics, and predictive analytics will enable farmers to optimize production efficiency, improve product quality, and reduce environmental footprint.

· Market Expansion: The global market for insect-based products is projected to expand as consumer awareness and acceptance grow. E-commerce platforms will play a pivotal role in connecting insect farmers with a diverse and expanding customer base worldwide. Strategic partnerships with food manufacturers, retailers, and regulatory bodies will facilitate market entry and scale-up efforts.

· Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing clear regulatory frameworks and standards for insect farming and product safety is essential for market confidence and consumer trust. Collaboration between industry stakeholders, government agencies, and research institutions will promote responsible practices and ensure compliance with food safety and sustainability standards.

· Consumer Education and Acceptance: Educating consumers about the nutritional benefits, environmental sustainability, and culinary versatility of insect-based products will be crucial for driving market demand. Marketing campaigns, culinary innovations, and public awareness initiatives will help overcome cultural barriers and encourage widespread adoption of insect-based diets.

4.4 Advancements in Breeding and Genetic Research

Digital technologies and advances in genetic research are revolutionizing the breeding of crickets and mealworms, enhancing their productivity, disease resistance, and nutritional profiles.

Selective Breeding Programs: Similar to traditional livestock, crickets and mealworms are now being subject to selective breeding programs aimed at enhancing desirable traits such as growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, and resilience to diseases. Digital tools enable precise tracking of these traits across generations, facilitating the development of superior insect strains.
Genomic Research: Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics are providing insights into the genetic makeup of crickets and mealworms. Understanding their genomes allows researchers to identify genes associated with key traits, potentially leading to genetic modifications or CRISPR-based editing to enhance these insects' performance. This research can lead to faster-growing, more nutritious, and disease-resistant insect populations, thereby improving farm productivity and sustainability.
Health Monitoring and Disease Management: Digital health monitoring systems are being developed to detect and manage diseases in insect populations. Sensors and imaging technologies can identify early signs of disease or stress in crickets and mealworms, enabling timely interventions and reducing the risk of outbreaks. This proactive approach minimizes losses and maintains the health and quality of insect farms.

4.5 Integration with Sustainable Agriculture Practices

Cricket and mealworm farming is increasingly being integrated with broader sustainable agricultural practices, contributing to more resilient and eco-friendly food systems.

Vertical Farming Synergies: In urban environments, cricket and mealworm farming can be integrated with vertical farming systems. By co-locating insect farms with plant-based vertical farms, waste heat and CO2 from insect farming can be utilized to enhance plant growth, while plant waste can serve as feed for insects. This closed-loop system maximizes resource use and minimizes waste.
Aquaponics and Insect Farming: In aquaponic systems, where fish farming and hydroponic plant cultivation are combined, insects can play a crucial role. Waste from insect farming can be used to feed fish, while fish waste can fertilize plants. This integrated system creates a symbiotic environment that enhances overall productivity and sustainability.
Organic Farming Inputs: Insect frass, the nutrient-rich excrement of crickets and mealworms, is increasingly being recognized as a valuable input for organic farming. It serves as a high-quality, natural fertilizer that enhances soil health and plant growth. Incorporating insect farming into organic agricultural practices supports sustainable crop production and reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers.

Part 5: Broader Societal Impacts of Cricket and Mealworm Farming

5.1 Contributions to Global Food Security

Insect farming plays a pivotal role in addressing global food security challenges by providing an alternative, sustainable protein source that can be produced efficiently and affordably.

Nutrient-Rich Food Source: Crickets and mealworms are packed with essential nutrients, making them an ideal solution for combating malnutrition, especially in developing countries. They offer a dense source of protein, vitamins, and minerals that are crucial for healthy development and can help bridge nutritional gaps in diets worldwide.
Affordable Protein Option: The low cost of producing crickets and mealworms makes them an accessible protein source for low-income populations. As the global population grows and demand for affordable protein increases, insects provide a scalable and cost-effective solution to meet this need.
Resilience in Food Supply Chains: Insect farming adds diversity to food supply chains, making them more resilient to disruptions. Unlike traditional livestock, which require significant resources and are vulnerable to diseases and climate change, insects can be farmed efficiently in a variety of environments. This adaptability ensures a stable supply of protein even in times of crisis.

5.2 Empowering Communities and Enhancing Livelihoods

The socio-economic benefits of cricket and mealworm farming extend beyond nutrition, empowering communities and creating sustainable livelihoods.

Income Generation: Insect farming offers new income opportunities for small-scale farmers and entrepreneurs. It requires relatively low investment and can be operated in small spaces, making it accessible to a wide range of individuals and communities. This economic activity helps alleviate poverty and supports local economies.
Skill Development and Education: Engaging in insect farming fosters skill development in areas such as farm management, business operations, and sustainable practices. Educational programs and community initiatives that promote insect farming provide valuable knowledge and training, equipping individuals with the skills needed to succeed in this emerging industry.
Social Inclusion: In many regions, women and marginalized groups are often excluded from traditional agricultural activities. Insect farming, with its low barriers to entry and flexible operations, offers an inclusive platform that empowers these groups, enabling them to participate actively in the agricultural sector and improve their socio-economic status.

Part 6: The Future Outlook for Cricket and Mealworm Farming

6.1 Scaling Up and Commercialization

As the industry matures, scaling up production and commercializing cricket and mealworm farming is essential to meet growing demand and realize their full potential.

Investment and Funding: Increasing investment in insect farming startups and research initiatives is critical for scaling up production. Venture capital, government grants, and public-private partnerships are vital sources of funding that support the development of large-scale farming operations and innovative technologies.
Regulatory Frameworks: Developing robust regulatory frameworks is crucial to ensure the safety, quality, and sustainability of insect farming practices. Clear guidelines and standards for production, processing, and marketing of insect-based products are needed to build consumer trust and facilitate market growth.
Supply Chain Development: Establishing efficient and reliable supply chains for insect farming is essential for commercial success. This includes developing infrastructure for production, processing, and distribution, as well as creating market linkages that connect producers with consumers and businesses.

6.2 Consumer Acceptance and Market Expansion

Building consumer acceptance and expanding market opportunities are key drivers for the future growth of cricket and mealworm farming.

Public Awareness Campaigns: Raising awareness about the benefits of eating insects through educational campaigns and media outreach is crucial for changing perceptions and increasing consumer acceptance. Highlighting the nutritional, environmental, and economic advantages of insect-based foods can help overcome cultural barriers and encourage more people to incorporate them into their diets.
Product Innovation and Diversification: Developing a diverse range of insect-based products that cater to different tastes and dietary preferences is essential for expanding market reach. From snacks and meal replacements to ingredients for cooking, innovative product offerings can attract a broader consumer base and drive market growth.
Collaboration with Food Industry: Partnerships with established food companies and retailers can accelerate the integration of insect-based products into mainstream markets. Collaboration with chefs, nutritionists, and food scientists can also enhance product development and promote the culinary use of crickets and mealworms in various cuisines.

6.3 Research and Technological Advancements

Ongoing research and technological advancements are vital for the continued evolution and success of cricket and mealworm farming.

Improving Farming Techniques: Research into optimizing farming techniques, such as feed formulations, breeding methods, and environmental controls, is crucial for enhancing productivity and sustainability. Innovations in automation, precision farming, and biosecurity can further improve the efficiency and resilience of insect farming operations.
Expanding Applications: Exploring new applications for crickets and mealworms beyond food and feed can open up additional market opportunities. This includes their use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biomaterials, where their unique properties can be leveraged for various industrial and commercial purposes.
Environmental and Social Impact Studies: Conducting comprehensive studies on the environmental and social impacts of insect farming is essential for understanding and maximizing its benefits. These studies can provide valuable insights into best practices, policy recommendations, and strategies for integrating insect farming into sustainable food systems.

Conclusion

Cricket and mealworm farming represent a transformative shift towards a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable food system. Their economic viability, ecological benefits, and social contributions make them a promising solution to the challenges of modern agriculture and food security. In the digital age, technological advancements are further enhancing their potential, making insect farming more efficient, accessible, and integrated into global markets.

As the industry continues to grow, it is crucial to support and invest in the development of cricket and mealworm farming through research, innovation, and collaboration. By embracing these practices, we can create a future where food production is not only sustainable but also inclusive and adaptable to the needs of a changing world.

The journey towards widespread acceptance and integration of cricket and mealworm farming is ongoing, but the potential rewards are immense. By harnessing the power of these tiny yet mighty creatures, we can pave the way for a more sustainable, nutritious, and prosperous future for all.

References

1. FAO. (2021). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Retrieved from FAO.

2. International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed. (2023). The edible insect market: A global overview. Retrieved from IPIFF.

3. National Geographic. (2020). The environmental benefits of eating insects. Retrieved from National Geographic.

4. Harvard Business Review. (2019). Why crickets could be the future of food. Retrieved from HBR.

5. BBC News. (2022). Insects as food: Are we ready for the next culinary revolution? Retrieved from BBC.

6. The Guardian. (2023). How digital technology is transforming insect farming. Retrieved from The Guardian.

7. Entomology Today. (2023). Exploring the benefits of insect farming. Retrieved from Entomology Today.

8. Insects as Food and Feed. (2021). The nutritional profile of edible insects. Retrieved from Insects as Food and Feed.

9. World Economic Forum. (2022). How insect farming can help feed the world. Retrieved from WEF.

10. Science Direct. (2020). The sustainability of insect farming. Retrieved from Science Direct

Search This Blog

AMAZING FACTS OF LIFE